In the introduction of the The Fly in the Ointment, by Joe Schwarcz, Essay

In the presentation of The Fly in the Ointment, by Joe Schwarcz, the writer takes note of that genuine science connects with the n - Essay Example Many hack prescriptions utilize comparative fixings, so breaking down a solitary brand is adequate to make suppositions about the greater part of the meds available. One such model prescription is Triaminic Children's Cold and Cough. This drug contains 5 mg of dextromethorphan HCL as a hack suppressant, notwithstanding other dynamic fixings to act in assisting with the torment and clog manifestations of a cold (Triaminic-Novartis, 2011). It is sensibly compelling at halting a hack rapidly, thus guardians may utilize it for their more youthful kid while oblivious of, or purposely disregarding, the suggestions that it not be utilized in youngsters younger than four (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). What numerous guardians may not understand when deciding to regulate these drugs to their pre-schooler is the instrument of activity of the dextromethorphan in Triaminic Cold and Cough. Dextromethorphan lessens hacking by really diminishing electrical action in the cereb rum, explicitly in the pieces of the mind answerable for the hack reflex (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). This reflex is arranged in the cerebrum stem, an extremely fundamental part of the mind associated with almost all life-supporting real capacities (Shannon et al., 2004). This implies notwithstanding stifling the hack, the prescription can likewise cause confusion and tiredness in any event, for those for whom dextromethorphan is FDA affirmed, and mind harm and passing in little youngsters (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). Notwithstanding the conceivable negative impacts of dextromethorphan, its adequacy is quite being referred to. A few examinations have indicated that giving a tablespoon of natural nectar to youngsters above age two through age eighteen is more successful at halting an evening hack than drugs containing dextromethorphan. The guardians of the youngsters in one such investigation detailed that in addition to the fact th at honey produced a comparable degree of hack concealment as the medicine, kids had a superior rest quality after treatment with nectar and in truth a superior rest quality with no treatment by any stretch of the imagination. Some symptoms of the dextromethorphan, for example, fretfulness and nervousness, meddled more with a youngster's capacity to nod off than did the solace level of the kid during an untreated hack (Paul et al., 2007). On the off chance that every one of youngsters' items containing dextromethorphan, for example, Triaminic's Cold and Cough, were expelled from the market, there would be an unequivocal absence of accessible over-the-counter treatment for kids' hacks (Maisch, 2007). Notwithstanding, given that there is an accessible substitute treatment, nectar, and the dangers of mind harm and even passing, guardians ought to know that just on the grounds that an item, for example, Cold and Cough is accessible available doesn't mean they should offer it to their you ngsters. Much more seasoned kids can be in danger for genuine reactions, and guardians should be exceptionally cautious about making such they give such prescriptions in the right measurement for their kid's age and weight. There are circumstances where a hack is serious enough in a young youngster to warrant utilization of Triaminic's Cold and Cough, yet for no situation should a parent give a pre-schooler that or some other hack suppressant prescription containing dextromethorphan (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2000). Any hack that will be that genuine requires the consideration of a

The Vision of the New World That the Colonists Brought to America Essay Example for Free

The Vision of the New World That the Colonists Brought to America Essay New England, then again, had formed into a religion and family based society involved generally white collar class families by 1700. Taking a gander at the territory, government, and the individuals themselves, uncovers pieces of information about how the intense split in the public arena became. While dwelling in England, the Puritans and loyal Catholics confronted oppression, which prompted their migration to the New World. Numerous gatherings and wards applied for sanctions to America and, drove by their cleric, the Pilgrims and Puritans made the long journey to North America. Their religion turned into a one of a kind component in the New England settlements by 1700. Prior to handling, the gatherings chose understandings, marking laws and settlements to guarantee a network exertion towards endurance when they came to shore, and keeping in mind that settling in New England. Their solid feeling of network and confidence in God drove them to build up a persevering society by year 1700. Their towns were efficient, with the congregation being the premise of everyones day by day life, and they needed to build up fairness and have everybody cooperating in agreement. Family was a significant piece of the Puritan religion, so their boats accompanied twenty-two men and twenty-one ladies, so there was soundness. They took in helpful cultivating procedures from the Native Americans, and cultivating was their prime wellspring of the economy. The Puritan hard working attitude shielded individuals from working for outrageous material addition. The Puritans were diligent employees who had objective for a strictly cleaned town. Not every person in England was confronting cruel abuse and numerous explorers went to the New World with high any desires for distinction and gold, which prompted various clashes. It was a land for the rich to get more extravagant. The individuals that were alloted to the boats bound for Jamestown (Chesapeake Region) came without their families and their ages ran from old to youthful, however fundamentally oung men. The men dwarfed the ladies six to one. This made the general public be progressively disordered on the grounds that there were many broken families and a frantic scramble for the couple of ladies. The pilgrims in the Chesapeake district fundamental objective we re to get rich, or to increase new land and discover gold. As per John Smith, all the individuals could do was live for gold; it was their lone reason. The Chesapeake Bay pilgrims needed to persevere through the brutality of their new condition. The atmosphere was not ideal and almost 50% of the individuals passed on as a result of introduction to maladies or starvation. Those that were fortunate and endure these hardships were left to battle with the neighborhood Indians. Dis-sorted out and unfit to discover piles of gold, huge tobacco estates were begun and cultivating was taken up by the pilgrims. These representatives were not use to being agrarian ranchers. This was the reason things were so troublesome before John Smith took lead of the settlement with his â€Å"You don’t work, you don’t eat† attitude. Individuals were not acquainted with difficult work and physical work, and the settlement was passing on moderate. Because of the hardships the principal importation of subjection started in the settlements. From the outset contracted hirelings were being utilized to till the ground, yet they were far less abused than the slaves. Contracted hirelings worked for the individual who paid their way to the Colony until the profundities were paid off, however soon their administrations were less valuable and slaves were being imported in huge numbers. The pioneer grower were bringing in cash and increasing huge benefits off of free work. The advancement of the two societies may likewise have been the aftereffect of the landscape the gatherings involved. In the Chesapeake locale, the homesteaders chose marshy marshland that was difficult to safeguard and much progressively hard to make due in. With such huge numbers of individuals passing on from infection and starvation, and the extraordinary lack of eligible ladies, the populace developed gradually, if by any means. Families were more gatherings of dirty kids half related, from various dads. Visit demise made unnatural family life a typical thing. In the New England settlements, the individuals picked level, reasonable ground that left them with simple to furrow fields. The dirt and strict convictions were perfect for resource cultivating, which implied little, sensible homesteads that would accommodate a group of eight to ten. Since the ranchers looked uniquely to take care of themselves, there was pretty much nothing, assuming any, requirement for additional abor; having most, if not all, laborers accessible inside their own family. The moderate atmosphere made infection an irregularity in the province, and demise considerably more so. The fair family life and food flexibly implied progressively capable disapproved of pioneers. Society had a male centric structure of man before lady and lady before youngster. Youngsters themselves skirted a youth and were treated as grown-ups at an early age. They were required to comply with their folks and keep confidence in the congregation. Every one of these components together prompted Northern success and development. The land itself was significant, all the more so was the manner by which it got utilized for benefit. This land is cash conviction was a one of a kind trait of the area by 1700. The rationale in benefit likewise assisted with creating society in the Chesapeake district. The Chesapeake men found tobacco and started a savage creation of it from their estates. Since tobacco exhausted the dirt quickly, new land was consistently an unquestionable requirement. To procure this land, rich proprietors paid for hirelings to be brought over and till the ground. Every wa given a land award of fifty sections of land, which was not worth such much. Be that as it may, the men were bringing more than ten, twenty, perhaps thirty hirelings to work in the tobacco fields. Thirty men at fifty sections of land a piece signify a great deal of land, so the land proprietors began to get bondage and progressively dark individuals to work their fields. Rather than developing tobacco, New England ranchers were destined to create grain or corn, which helped them remain all around took care of during long winter months. They were increasingly worried about the endurance of their families than the benefit they could make from the rich soil, so the food was not sold for a benefit. Or maybe, the province became self-supporting in the issue of food. With food dealt with, the New England states were left to import ovens, tea, and flavors, in addition to other things. Since they just expected to develop food to help their own family as resource ranchers, New England ranchers once in a while had anything else than their unique real esatate. This made an increasingly equivalent reality for all proprietors, agreeable or battling. The contrasts between the New England provinces and the Chesapeake settlements prompted separate social orders when of the 1700s. Farming, thought process, individuals, religion, and territory are altogether factors that influenced how they became separated. Be that as it may, it is likewise through the activities of the men and lady who settled in the locales, and the decisions they made, that prompted the advancement of these two states.

Fashion helps us to define and show who we are and what we do

Style encourages us to characterize and show what our identity is and what we do Presentation Fashion resembles a sort of visual expressions: individuals come to Karl Lagerfeld’s style show and express their energy a similar way they do at the Louver when taking a gander at da Vinci’s Mona Lisa. Design resembles sports: everyone needs to overwhelm contenders and be the best.Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Fashion encourages us to characterize and show what our identity is and what we do explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fashion resembles an enchantment wand: one can't help suspecting that he/she simply needs to put on another awe inspiring outfit, and his/her life will change totally. Interesting as it might appear, these words are not really an exaggeration: today, style is continually at the center of attention in media and stays one of the most discussable things in the public arena. Researchers give various assessments to the impact of design on contemporary individuals accentuating both positive and negative social effects; be that as it may, the reality of this impact is obvious. That is the reason it is sensible to proceed with the investigation of how style patterns impact an individual’s life and how they are seen by individuals. The paper targets depicting the impact design has upon our lives. The key thought of this conversation is character. It is very expansive and can be characterized in various manners; there are a few degrees of personality, and every one of them requires specific conversation (Schwartz and Pantin 4). This methodology is by all accounts suitable for exploring design: as Loughran (4) marks, from one perspective, when individuals settle on choice about what to put on, they center around their own standards, interests, and inclinations. Then again, style patterns discover their causes in culture, customs, social procedures and so forth and consequently advance people’s mix. The examination grasps three degrees of character and suggests conversation of a few inquiries, for example, How can be the idea of one’s personality characterized? What is the instrument of impact of style on an individual’s character? For a person who shows enthusiasm towards design slants and changes his/her style to them, is design a methods for exhibiting having a place with some gathering, or, in reverse, the best approach to feature his/her exceptionality? How does the open capacity of style work? What desires do people have about the aftereffects of endeavors they make to follow the design patterns? Style encourages us to characterize and show what our identity is and what we do, and the examination underneath targets seeing how this assistance becomes. The investigation incorporates examination of scholars’ works and investigation of the cases from history and contemporary media.Advertising Looking for inquire about paper on social examinations? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper w ith 15% OFF Learn More Levels of Identity Scholars offer various plans of an individual’s personality relying upon the character levels they mark out. In view of Erikson’s and Marcia’s models, Schwartz and Pantin (1-40) depict five degrees of character, which are: Ego personality; Personal character; Social character; Ethnic character; Cultural character. Lobby (refered to in Kirchner 3) offers a summed up model of one’s personality, which incorporates three levels: Individual; Collective; National. It is conceivable to express that the individual level included into this plan compares to the self image character and individual personality from the previously mentioned model; the aggregate character is like the social personality; national personality is like ethnic personality and social personality. For the points of this investigation, the three-level personality model is utilized in examination of the connection among design and character. Beneath, th e job of style at every one of personality levels is examined. Singular Identity It is sensible to start the investigation with the degree of an individual personality, which can be characterized as â€Å"a sort of self-recognizable proof as an individual with subjective and social capabilities† (Kirchner 3). An individual’s appearance is viewed as a significant component of his/her personality: as Craik (137) contends, â€Å"†¦Our self-perception frames the premise of our concept of self and way of life as an individual, formed both by our real execution and by how others see us†. This validates the sensibility of considering the â€Å"individual-fashion† interface. The thought â€Å"individual identity† incorporates a lot of attributes that plot who an individual is and how he/she is seen by the others. It appears to be sensible to state that one’s character is an extremely valuable and unavoidable resource he/she is fortunate to have . Not coincidentally, an individual feels the craving to â€Å"communicate† his/her individual personality to the general public (Kellner 264). Oscar Wilde featured the significance of this â€Å"communication† with humor and simultaneously absolutely, â€Å"It is just shallow individuals who don't decide by appearances. The genuine secret of the world is the obvious, not the invisible† (cited in Davis 1). The â€Å"messages† about one’s individual character are various: style of life, interests, manliness/gentility, desire, great taste, insight, calling, riches, any sorts of character attributes and so on. Simultaneously, a scope of gadgets utilized in articulation of these attributes is additionally extremely wide: shading and shading blends, outline, cut, texture, length, style, surface and oth. (6)Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Fashion encourages us to characterize and show what our identity is and what we do explic itly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different blends of these gadgets furnish one with an open door for smooth self-articulation and unlimited trials. Design can communicate any â€Å"dramatic type† one picks: preservationist, cool, fabulous, effective, delicate, smart, magnetic, â€Å"snobbish†, enthusiastic and oth.; style masters are constantly prepared to offer the crowd the comparing style. In her (2005), Reynolds gives an expansive scope of â€Å"fashion personality† types, for instance: the â€Å"classic type† favored by ladies who â€Å"want to make a decent impression†, â€Å"think long term†, and â€Å"self-monitor†; the â€Å"creative sparkler† type offered to splendid females who â€Å"have various sides and like to communicate them all, blending hues, states of mind, and textures†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ; the â€Å"nature girl† type which is for ladies who need to accentuate their internal world and †Å"prefer comfort over fashion†, and so on (157-159). In any case, remembering the way that each individual is extraordinary and matchless, it is sensible to accept that various such â€Å"fashion personalities† is extraordinarily enormous. Development of one’s personality begins right now of his/her introduction to the world; a few qualities are framed affected by the outer condition (Schwartz and Pantin 8). In this way, it is fascinating to respond to the accompanying inquiry: how do one’s dressing propensities structure? Craik (136) offers a fascinating term â€Å"prestigious imitation†: it mirrors a youthful individual’s want to â€Å"imitate† individuals whom they consider to be definitive. Little youngsters duplicate the moves their folks make and â€Å"absorb† the information about what is acceptable and what is forbidden. Design likewise turns into an object of â€Å"prestigious imitation†: a kid comprehends what h e/she can put on for various events; being given by the outside condition, this information is broadening. In any case, this may bring forth an inquiry: does this imply the manner in which an individual looks is framed by the earth just, paying little mind to his/her character? Kellner invalidates this announcement (263) and alludes to an intriguing case of Madonna, a celebrated American artist. Madonna’s indulgent style was not made as a methods for drawing consideration of the crowd; the vocalist started framing it during her young years: being pushed by the adolescent â€Å"rebel spirit†, the future star started trying different things with her garments †as Madonna herself says, â€Å"Only on the grounds that we realized that our folks didn’t like it† (265).Advertising Searching for explore paper on social investigations? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The previously mentioned model can be assessed from the point of view of fashion’s open capacity. Craik (137) discusses social â€Å"performing† and â€Å"projection† of bodies: an individual wants to impart to the general public who he/she is. Design â€Å"equips† one with a decision â€Å"of garments, style, and picture through which one could deliver an individual identity† (Kellner 264). Along these lines, Madonna settles on her unique decision in garments and style so as to splendidly and correctly exhibit to the general public what her identity is and how she sees herself. Design and different enterprises utilize the possibility of â€Å"choice† to address customers’ singular character and increment deals. Giving distinctive â€Å"modifications† of similar products, brands offer clients a chance to show what their identity is along these lines satisfy their self.† African Arts 36.1. (2003): 52-65. Mendis, Patrick. Gl ocalization: The Human Side of Globalization as though the Washington Consensus Mattered. Morrisville, N. C.: Lulu Press, 2007. Reynolds, Susan. Change Your Shoes, Change Your Life: Strut Your Way to a Fabulous New You! Avon, MA: Adams Media, 2005. Rolley, Katrina. â€Å"Love, Desire and the Pursuit of the Whole.† Eds. Debris, Julieth, and Elizabeth Wilson. Chic Thrills: A Fashion Reader. Berkeley Calif.: Universit

Why Is HRT Prescribed For Menopausal Women - Free Essay Example

This dissertation to answer the research question (Why HRT is prescribed for menopausal women despite the risk of breast cancer?) was carried out as mentioned in the methodology section using the literature review methodology. The selected studies were appraised with the critical appraisal tools by the Public health resource Unit. The methodology of literature review had well assisted to review all the studies in the perspective of the other and divulge meaningful evidence and information which in a single study capacity would have been otherwise unnoticed. The Critical appraisal tools have assisted to review all the studies comprehensively to ensure there validity, reliability and applicability so that the result could be generalized to all the menopausal women population. The studies which have been reviewed were conducted in various settings with participants from all types of study population hence the results are a wholesome reunion of the existing predisposing factors with the associated risk of HRT in the incidence of breast cancer. ANSWER TO THE RESEARCH QUESTION Every doctor has the relief of the patient of utmost importance while prescribing a treatment and every treatment is meant to bring relief. And treatment has dose schedules, administration guidelines and perhaps side-effects which are generally explained by the doctor. But unlike other medicines there is a lot of unrest around the use of HRT though the associated risk when evaluated with other factors is not high. Keeping the results and conclusions derived from these studies in the present and elements for further research in front, it is seen that HRT does have benefits. These associated benefits with use of HRT according to this study are: 1) Use of HRT decreases the risk of death overall (Sellers et.al,1997) (Sener et.al, 2009) and is associated with recurrence, metastasis-free survival and better overall and disease-free survival than HRT nonusers in the univariate analysis irrespective of the start of menopause (Sener et.al , 2009) (Bonneir et.al, 1998) 2) HRT does not increase the risk of breast cancer when administered to women for whom other risk factors have been excluded (Tzingounis et.al, 1996). 2) There is an inverse relationship between HRT and mortality due to coronary heart disease, stroke and cancers other than breast (Sellers et.al, 1997) 4) Use of HRT gives fewer locally advanced cancers and smaller and better-differentiated cancers compared to non-users (Bonneir et.al, 1998). 5) HRT is a favourable prognostic factor for breast cancer. (Bonneir et.al, 1998) 6) Use of HRT counteracts the increased incidence of breast cancer with the lower incidence of other tumors. (Olsson et.al, 2001) 7) Long term HRT use has a favorable effect against colorectal and endometrial cancer. (Writing Group for the Womens Health Initiative Investigators, 2002) (Corrao et.al, 2008). 8) Use of trans-dermal HRT compared to the oral use of HRT is associated with lesser risk of breast cancer (Million women study collaborators, 2003) (Corrao et.al, 2008) which is presumed by the WHI, 2002. However these benefits depend on many other inter-connected factors of duration of use, age of the menopausal woman, past personal history of HRT used, family history related to breast cancer, dose of the HRT administered and type of HRT regime prescribed. These same factors affect the element of risk as well in the following way. 1) Risk of breast cancer may be increased with HRT use for duration of 5 years or less in women with family history of breast cancer (Sellers et.al,1997) (Olsson et.al, 2001). 2) Increased risk of breast cancer after prolonged use of HRT (Olsson et.al, 2001) (Sellers et.al, 1997) (Corrao et.al, 2008) (Sellers et.al, 1997) (Olsson et.al, 2001). This risk increased with increasing duration of use and decreased with time and reached at baseline with 5 years time. (Ewertz et.al, 2005) (Million women study collaborators, 2003) 3) Higher risk in current users than in past users which was greater for combined therapy than for other oral types of HRT (Million women study collaborators, 2003). 4) Women who used combined estrogen and progestin HRT regime are at increased risk of breast cancer (Stahlberg et.al, 2004) (Million women study collaborators, 2003) and Oral HRT use for long term had a higher risk of breast cancer than trans-dermal use of HRT (Corrao et.al, 2008). 5) Increased risk of breast cancer with current use of HRT in women of 50 years of age and above which increased with increased use. No increased risk in women between the ages of 40-49 (Ewertz et.al, 2005) (Million women study collaborators, 2003). 6) The risk of breast cancer increased in women who were current HRT users and had used OC in the past. (Lund et.al, 2007) 7) HRT users developed breast cancer at a younger age than non HRT users (Sener et.al, 2009). According to the synopsis of the issues and factors derived it can be concluded that there are benefits associated with use of HRT which mutually depend on the risk factors. And this is the reason why HRT is prescribed for menopausal women despite the risk of breast cancer. And these will again depend on gynecologist judgment and patients level of knowledge and awareness (2006). RECOMMENDATIONS To bring the optimal benefit with minimally associated risk, HRT could be prescribed to menopausal women for lesser duration which the studies present as 5 years. This duration which could be disputable and the age of the women also has to be considered with the link of different effects of HRT in different age groups would again depend on the individual gynecologists judgment and the patients compliance for regular follow up and mammographic screening. An attempt has been made to clear the otherwise existing dilemma of prescribing HRT or not but this again depends on many other factors which are most importantly the patients follow up and the doctors perception of the associated prescribing strategies. However more research is needed as within the limitations of this dissertation though it is possible to conclude that there are benefits associated with the use of HRT despite the risk of breast cancer; it is not possible to chalk out an effective prescribing strategy. And to bring any considerable changes a prescribing strategy and better patient compliance for follow-up would be needed. LESSONS LEARNT These total results, conclusions and opinions from the studies have presented some principle elements which could guide through the dilemma of prescribing HRT to yet another menopausal woman. 1) It is evident that duration has a role to play in the increase of the foresaid risk of breast cancer and that there is no risk with the use of HRT in the past. 2) A lot would also depend on the gynecologist or the physicians prescribing principles. It would be needed by them to follow some guiding factors like evaluating high-risk and low-risk women, family history and previous history of Oral Contraceptives which would vary for each patient. 3) A regular follow-up and timely check up as mentioned would help to catch otherwise unnoticeable breast changes. 4) Another factor which needs to be pursued for future research and studies is the type of HRT regimes. In routine HRT is prescribed orally hence less is known about other methods of administration which could perhaps assist in reducing the risk. 5) It would also be helpful to find if there is a link with the BMI and use of HRT. Generally obesity is linked to many diseases and unhealthy conditions and this would help to categorize women into high or low risk group. This dissertation has tried to bring up some associating factors which could help to extract the optimal benefits with lesser risk. This systematic approach has helped conduct this dissertation so as to answer the research question. However research in healthcare is never ending and is expanding every day (Aveyard, 2010). New studies with various designs are being conducted around this topic as I write my dissertation which will bring in more new opinions and evidences which will form base for yet another dissertation or study tomorrow to help develop a successful prescribing strategy.

Looking into the preparation of data - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2550 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Before estimating the logistic regression and decision tree, the data should be preprocessed the firstly. Initially, the data set should be transformed from *.arff to *.csv by the ArffViewer tool in Weka. Then the new data set could be opened by the Excel. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Looking into the preparation of data" essay for you Create order After checking the data in the Excel sheet, no missing values were found. Then the z- score rule was used to do the outlier detection. There are six attributes should be tested by the Z value, birthDate, zipCode, svcStartDt, incomeCode, peakMinAv and peakMinDiff. If the Z value is larger than 3 (Zj 3), then the original data should be replace by the mean plus 3 times the standard deviation of that attribute. If the Z value is smaller than -3 (Zj -3), the original data should be replaced by the mean minus -3 times the standard deviation of that attribute. Meanwhile, it was found that the curPlan attribute are the nominal variables and the value 1, 2, 3 and 4 corresponds to the different peak minutes plan. So it should be recoded. In this paper, dummies were chose to code the variables. The curPlan attributes could be replaced by four dummies attributes named Dummy1, Dummy2, Dummy3 and Dummy4. The value setting of the four new attributes is showed as the following table. Then the ad justed data set should be opened by the Weka and transformed to the *.arff file. Because the subscriberID attribute is the customers ID numbers, obviously it is not related to the churn attribute. Then it should be removed in the Weka Explorer. To make sure all the attributes, except birthDate, zipCode, svcStartDt, incomeCode, peakMinAv and peakMinDiff, are the nominal type values, the filter NumerictoNominal could be applied to change the numeric type values to the nominal type. After that, the discretization and grouping should be carried out to group values of categorical variables for robust analysis. In this question, the equal interval binning method would be adopted. Again the six numeric attributes which were tested by the z- score before should be discretized or grouped. It is easy to achieve the goal by using the filter named Discretize in the Weka. With the default properties, the six attributes would be divided to 10 equal interval bins. At last, the whole data set shoul d be slipped into two sets, one is the training set with the first 1/3 data (2666 rows) and the other is the test set with the rest data (1334 rows). Logistic regression First of all is to estimate a logistic regression classifier with the training set, considering the churn indicator as the target variable. In the Classify option in Weka, the classifier named SimpleLogistic should be selected. In order to make the estimation more reliable, the value of maxBoostingInterations could be set as 1000. The test option is use training set. Then the results would be showed in the output window. The following are the main parameters.According to the above table, the most predictive input is the PeakMinDiff='(-ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾ ~ -446.02]. It means the data belongs to this interval would decrease 1.84 times the odds-ratio. All of the four dummies, only Dummy2 presents a high relationship to the regression with a 1.37 parameter. From the results window, the confusion matrix could be found as follows. it is easy to calculate out that the classification accuracy is 72.0930%, the sensitivity is 72.9242%, and the specificity is 70.7171%, on the tr aining set assuming a cut- off of 0.5. Then using the test set by Supplied test set option in Weka, the confusion matrix could be found as follows. According the equations and the confusion matrix, the classification accuracy for test set is 63.5682%, the sensitivity is 67.9675%, and the specificity is 59.8053%. The ROC curve on the test set also could be drawn and the area under ROC is 0.7153. Because Accuracy Ratio = 2* AUC- 1, so the accuracy ratio on the test set is 0.4306. Decision tree To estimate a decision tree, the same data set would be used again. However, the data need not to be slit to two sets. Then the filter named J48 in Classifier Option should be chosen to estimate the tree. The test option is 66% percentage split. To prevent overfitting, the pruning and property setting should be adopted. By changing the confidencFactor, numFolds and reducedErrorPrunning, a smaller tree could be found when the confidencFactor is 0.1, numFolds is 5 and reducedErrorPruning is false. The number of leaves is 25 and the size of tree is 33. And according to the confusion matrix for test set of decision tree, it is easy to calculate out that the classification accuracy is 68.5294%, the sensitivity is 67.4822%, and the specificity is 71.2401%. The AUC is 0.6967 and the AR is 0.3934. Comparing The classification accuracy of logistic regression (63.5682%) is smaller than that of decision tree (68.5294%). However, the AUC of logistic regression (0.7153) is larger than that of decision tree (0.6967). The most predictive input in logistic regression is the PeakMinDiff='(-ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒâ€¦Ã‚ ¾ ~ -446.02] and its parameter is -1.84. While, the most in decision tree is Dummy2=1:0 and it is 322.0/9.0. In the logistic regression, every parameter means the contribution of each attribute to the model. By comparing the result of training set to the test set, it is found that the classification accuracy of training set (72.093%) is a little larger than that of test set. It means that this logistic regression model does not fit the data very well. Then the decision tree shows the choice for important branches which is ease of interpretation and no parameters. However the decision tree is still a bit too large to use as the rule. Question 2 Title: A Typology of Irrigated Farms as a Tool for Sustainable Agricultural Development in Irrigation Schemes: The Case of the East Mitidja Scheme, Algeria Authors: Khaled Laoubi and Masahiro Yamao Citation: International Journal of Social Economics, Vol. 36, No. 8, 2009, pp. 813-831 The data mining problem considered In this article, the authors tried to use data mining to propos the typology. The typology is supposed to connect the characterization of the irrigated lands with the structural and functional aspects. East Mitidja (Hamiz) scheme in the Mitidja valley was selected as the data resource which is only from the water users and members of the irrigation agency ONID. A questionnaire was designed to collect the data. Then the samples were divided into 4 groups as EAC, EAI, private and others by the farm type. The farm structure characteristics were defined as landownership status (EAC, EAI and private farm), agricultural land area, groundwater assets, family labor, farm income, off-farm income, irrigation technique used, subsidies, type of marketing channel and farm equipment. While, farm functional characteristics include the percentage of irrigated area out of total agricultural area (TAA), irrigated citrus area, irrigated orchard area, irrigated grape area, irrigated vegetables area , irrigated industrial culture area, irrigated green house area, cereal area, abandoned area, the source of water used, and the investment in the farm. The data mining techniques used In this article two main data mining techniques were used. One is multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) which is an extension of correspondence analysis for at least two variables. Before using the MCA, the selected data were converted to class variable. Then the Euclidean cloud of points would be conducted and the number of the axes should be restricted. The other one is ascendant hierarchical classification (AHC). It is a method for cluster which would be done after the MCA. It could divide the individuals by their factorial coordinates. The authors also used Statistical Package for Social Science 15 to do the data prepare and Portable System for Data Analysis Software v5.5 to apply the MCA and AHC. The results The MCA represented that the first three factors explained more than 60 percents of the total variance. The first axis (32%) opposes the large EAC farms and small farms. The second factor of MCA (23%) opposes the EAC farms and the family labor which varies from 6 to 9. The third one was 10.21 percent. However no supplementary variables were found to contribute to this axis. In AHC, class 1 represents 16.42% of the sample. EAC farm land is the principal ownership type. Class 2 represents as much sample as class 1. Class 3 represents 5.22% sample. It includes all types of ownership and main characteristic use of the irrigation-saving technology and the conjunctive use of water resources. Class 4 represents the smallest of all, only 3.7. The principal ownership type of this class is private farms. Class 5 represents 15.67%. It focused on the same in class 4. It has has no extension services, and no investments made for these farms. Class 6 represents 20.15%. It turned to the EAC fa rms. It is interesting and contacts with extension service. Class 7 represents 22.39%. Its principle ownership type is private farms. According to the results, it is found that, the agricultural irrigation policies have not benefited all types of farms. Different type farmers faced different problems. So the different measures would be taken to solve the problems. It also showed that the Agricultural and irrigation policies in Algeria had a different effect on various type farmer and factors. Critical discussion The author used the questionnaire to collect the data, since the data might deviate from the actual situation. What is more, the article gave few reasons why chose these characterizations. Basically, different characterization would lead to different results. The MCA method in this article did not play an important role. Also the authors divided the data by types of ownerships, however they did not explain reason clearly. Then as the authors wrote in the end, the results fail to meet expectations and the results are insignificant in terms of the adoption of irrigation techniques. Question 3 1. FICO credit score The credit score is a kind of method which tries to give a score that the bank can rank the risk of the loan applicants. It is based on the historical performance of the borrowers on the loan (Mester, 1997). The FICO is short for the Fair Isaac Company that developed the famous software to help other companies mark for the customers. Then the software was adopted by three main credit bureaus as a standard. The three credit bureaus are Experian, TransUnion, and Equifax. The FICO credit score is a kind of way to calculate the credit score using the software. It ranges between 300 and 850. The lower the score is, the higher the risk is. The FICO credit score is essentially made up of five parts, payment history (35%), total amounts owed (30%), length of credit history (15%), new credit (10%) and type of credit in use (10%). Usually one people could get three different FICO credit scores from the above three bureaus (Vohwinkle, 2010). 2. Unexpected loss in a Basel II context In credit risk management, the loss that can occur if the defaults exceed expectations and deviate from the average is called the Unexpected Loss. It is considered as a large but sustainable loss. Basel II is a new model of the capital adequacy framework released by the Basel Committee in June 2004. It is designed to measure the riskiness of banks loan portfolios. In Basel II, the credit risk capital should be estimated by the standardized approach or the internal ratings-based approach (IRB) (Resti and Sironi, 2007). Basically, the IRB approach is based on the expected and unexpected loss (Prenio, 2005). In the credit risk management, there four key components, probability of default (PD), loss given default (LGD), exposure at default (EAD) and maturity (M). The Expected loss (EL) = (PD) x (LGD) x (EAD). What is more, Basel II wants bank capital to cover the whole amount of the value-at-risk (VaR= EL + UL). If the bank can only cover the expected loss, then the Basel will charg e for the unexpected loss, which should refill the VAR gap. 3. Information Value of a variable Information Value (IV) is a measure of predictive power used to assess the appropriateness of the classing and select predictive variables. It is increasingly popular as it represents good alternatives to approximate non-linearity in the data. It could be computed as follows. IV = {ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ £(Dist Good Dist Bad) x WOE} Information value of a variable is related to the evaluation for modeling and analysis purposes. Hence, maximize the information value of the variable is a recommendable criterion in data mining (Hababou, Cheng and Falk, 2006). 4. AUC based pruning AUC is the area under the ROC curve, which provides a simple figure-of-merit for the performance of the constructed classifier. Pruning, as the name implied, involves removing branches of the decision tree to prevent the tree from the overfitting. AUC based pruning is a method to improve the performance. It starts from a model (e.g. logistic regression) with all n inputs. The next step is to remove each input in turn and re-estimate the model. The last is to remove the input giving the best AUC and repeat this procedure until AUC performance decreases significantly. Generally, the average performance of AUC is the criterion whether the pruning should be accepted. If the AUC is larger than that before the pruning, then accept the pruning. If not, the method to do the pruning should be adjusted (McGovern and Jensen, 2008). Question 4 a) The cut- off is 175 To calculate the required values, the confusion matrix should be drawn up firstly. According to the equations used in Question 1, the results could be calculated out easily. b) All possible cut- off The interval of each possible cut- off could be set as 10, from 45 to 345. After running the similar process in a), the results table could be drawn up as follows. c) d) Kolmogorov- Smirnov Curve In order to drawn Kolmogorov- Smirnov Curve, the two kinds of values should be calculated out firstly, P(s|G) and P(s|B). P(s|G) = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤s p(x|G) (equals 1- sensitivity) P(s|B) = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"xÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¤s p(x|B) (equals the specificity) Then the K- S Curve could be painted out by Excel basing on the above table. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) Distance= maxs | P(s|G) P(s|B) |, so the KS distance is 0.5556, where the cut- off is 145. e) ROC Curve The ROC curve is a two-dimensional graphical illustration of the sensitivity on the Y-axis versus (1-specificity) on the X-axis for various values of the classification threshold. A straight line through (0, 0) and (1, 1) represents a classifier found by randomly guessing the class and serves as a benchmark. According to the above ROC curve, it is obviously the area under the scorecard is much larger than that under the random scorecard. Hence, the scorecard performs better than a random scorecard. Moreover, the coordinates of the spots on the curve could be used to estimate the area under the ROC curve. Then the AUC is about 0.7869. f) CAP/ Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient (accuracy ratio) In the given data, there are 12 actual bad and 18 actual good. It is already known that the perfect model has an AR of 1, while the random model has an AR of 0. Because the AR= 2* AUC- 1, the scorecard has an AR of 57.38% (2*0.7869- 1). Then the CAP curve could be drawn out as follows. g) Relationship By setting the cut- off as different values, the different classification accuracy, error rate, sensitivity and specificity could be calculated out. Then the K- S and the ROC are both based on the calculating results. They are the two different ways to measure the performance. However, the ROC usually includes the random scorecard curve which is considered as a fixed line. Then the CAP curve is the compare between the predictive scores and the actual scores.

Cultural Diversity Of The Jewish Community - 949 Words

In our world today, cultural diversity is beginning to play a major part in how we, as human beings interact with one another, especially with the existence of computer technology. Cultural diversity allows people to live their life in a particular way based on certain principles such as beliefs, values, historical heritage and religion. From the different types of ways a person can define themselves, it is the historical heritage that has the most influential impact on individuals because it was instilled in them by their parents from prior generations. One example of a historical heritage is the practice of wedding ceremonies among the Jewish community. The Jewish community has been practicing wedding ceremonies for many years where the preparations and procedures are very tedious, which takes months in order to prepare for this sacred event. When preparing for these ceremonies, it is important to understand that even though there are various types of ceremonies within the Jewis h community, they all however, originated from a centralized resource and that is the Bible. Even though the Bible does not mention about wedding ceremonies, it is the iconic events that occur within the Bible that is used as the origins of wedding ceremonies for the Jewish community. In order to establish a correlation between the origins of Jewish marriages to the modern practices of Jewish wedding ceremonies, we must take a look at what a wedding ceremony consist of for the Jewish people.Show MoreRelatedDiversity in American Culture and Civilization1759 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Diversity in American Cultures Background Historically there is no civilization or American culture. 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Integration of Corporate Sustainability †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Integration of Corporate Sustainability. Answer: Introduction: Strategic management can be defined as the process of identification as well as description of the strategies which the managers can adapt and carry forward. This would help in achieving better performance and at the same time provide competitive advantage over the other rival organizations. In other ways, it can be defined as the bundle of decisions as well as activities which a manager usually undertakes and which decides the result of the firms performance (Hill, Jines and Schilling 2014). In most cases, managers usually have a thorough knowledge and thereby conduct proper analysis if the general as well as the competitive environment of the organization in order to take the most promising decisions of the organizations. Therefore this type of management mainly focuses on the planning for both the predictable as well as the unfeasible contingencies. This is adapted by both small and large organizations where professionals formulate and implement appropriate strategies. This is don e to attain sustainable competitive advantage (Peppard and Ward 2016). The most conventional form of strategic management mainly depended upon the linear strategy which has been adapted by firms for a long period of time. This approach mainly focuses on the idea that the result for the strategic management is the goals and the different ways to achieve the goals successfully. By the statement it means, the leaders will first provide the strategies based upon which the girl and the ways to reaching the goals will be finalized (Barney 2014). The leaders mainly plan how they will deal with the competitors so that organization can achieve the objectives. Here the phases are dependent on each other and they are executed in a sequential order with no feedback loops. This model of strategic management only produces solution at the end phase. Benefits of linear model: Such a model has number of benefits as well as a number of disadvantages also. The advantages are that the project remains under control and the different milestones set are known and tracked. Moreover other benefits of this model are that here the resources are known and also there is proper work distribution (Wheelen and Hunger 2017). They are very helpful for workers who are inexperienced developers. The different disadvantages are often found with this model which had cause many other strategists to think beyond the linear structure model. The main disadvantage is that the model is highly inflexible and often requires a long period of development. Moreover this model is also found to bring in no proper business value until it is late in the development. Moreover, it also requires heavy documentation procedure with little or no focus on customer value. In this model, the managers have to look over all the functioning like stating form recruiting to settling of wages, evaluations and planning and therefore a manager with a vast and extensive knowledge is required which may not be always possible to find. Managers need to tackle so much which may result in stress and might not always be successful (Slack 2015). This model also faces problem when adapting to new and changing operating conditions which include introduction of new legislations. Moreover, it is also seen to promote the centralization of power which actually limit the suggestions and initiatives of the workers. Moreover another negative factor which also may be included is increasing risk of immobilization of the company which may take place mainly due to interruption of business routes mainly during the absence of the managers. As the model gives the scope for very few flexibility it causes problems during changes (Carroll and Cuchholtz 2014). Disadvantages of linear model: As a result of these disadvantages, many alternative strategies are proposed out of which the stakeholder approach is one such model which is not fo1llowed by many managers. The stakeholder approach to strategic management mainly provides the idea that every managers should develop and implement plans which would result in satisfaction of all the stakeholders who are involved in the business. The main focus of this approach mainly remain on the fact that it is important to manage as well as integrate the relationship as well as the interests of employees, shareholders, customs and communities as well as other groups (Grant 2016) . This should be done in a way which would help in insuring the long term success of the organization. In altogether, this approach mainly emphasizes the active management of the business environment as well as the relationships and the promotion of the shared interest. There are many important groups in an organization who have a stake or are contributors to the success of the firm. Many traditional views of strategic management had for long avoided the interest of the stakeholders and marginalized others. It also constantly traded off the interest for others against favored stakeholder groups. Such traditional strategic management approach like the linear model may work well in a stable environment but in the world of turbulence as well as in the times of accelerating changes, the limitation of the traditional approaches become prominent (Tantalo and Priem 2016). It is very much important for the managers into include the stakeholders interest in the purpose of the firm. This approach would also help in maintaining the stakeholder relationship to be managed in the coherent and strategic fashion. Benefits of Stakeholder approach: There are benefits of this approach. Firstly, this approach is intended to provide a particular strategic framework which is very much flexible. It helps to deal with the environmental shifts without requiring managers to search and monument for new strategic paradigms. This helped to avoid the confusing and time consuming circle of facing an environmental shift, resulting in new strategic problem, developing new framework, adopting new strategic practices, again resulting in new environmental shift and gain new problem (Vogel and Guttel 2013). Secondly this approach is mostly a strategic management process and goes far beyond a strategic planning process. The later mainly focuses on the developing of plans for the organization to develop its position in compassion to a strategic management process which not only provides new direction but also show how the firm affect the environment and vice versa. Thirdly, it is seen that unlike the traditional method it rejects the very idea of m aximizing the single objective function as the useful way of thinking about the strategic management procedures. Rather it mainly believes that the strategic management is a never ending task of balancing and integrating multiple relationships and multiple objectives (Helfat and Peteraf 2015). Fourthly, this approach also ensures that development of strategies take place by inverting in all the relationships which ensure long term success by setting a proper perspective for values and value based management within their business strategy. Diverse stakeholders can only collaborate over a long run is they share common values and therefore this approach provides importance to values as a key empathy for strategic management. Fifthly, it is seen that this approach suggests that stakeholders relationship can be created or influences and not be simply taken or given (Kor and Mesco 2013). Unlike the other models, it does not believe on the process of adapting the firm to managements best g uess of the future environment. Disadvantages of Stakeholder approach: There are certain disadvantages of this model which must be also discussed. These are that they are best done on the continuous basis. Moreover another negative point is that the assessment so analysis may be subjective. Moreover, it might also happen that all the stakeholders interests may be different and there might be situation when all the interest may not meet at the same time. Selecting particular ones view may result in biasness (Beske, Land and Seuring 2014). In such a situation, management may face difficulty and therefore then they have to focus on most important stakeholders which thought to lead to dissatisfaction among others. There is often also need to balance and also reconcile all interests according to importance for urgency. Another important approach of strategic management is called the dynamic capability approach. The author Teece mainly describes it as the organizations capability to integrate, build and thereby reconfigure both external as well as internal competencies to address the rapidly changing environments in the organization. It is different from the other approaches in the strategic management which follows operational capabilities, pertaining to different current operations of the organization. This approach mainly differs from the other due to the capacity of the organization to purposefully create and then extend and modify the resource base (Schaltegger and Wagner 2017). While other approaches do not pay importance to the core competencies but this strategy mainly focuses on the fact that core competencies should be used for modification of the short term competitive positions which can be used to build linger tem competitive advantage. Unlike the other approaches, this approach influences the organization as well the employees working for them to develop the capability to learn quickly and build totally new type of strategic assets which include developing capability, technology as well as customer feedback which remain integrated in the company. Corporate agility is also promoted by this approach in comparisons to that of the other approaches. This includes sensing and shaping the different threats and opportunities, seizing opportunities and also maintains competitiveness. This can be done through enhancing, combining, protecting and also when necessary, this also influences to reconfigure the business enterprises intangible and tangible assets. This approach introduces the concept of routines which are patterns of interactions that provide good solutions to particular approaches. These patterns of interactions are resident in good forms in group behaviors. They also help in providing sub routine which are import ant in individuals behavior (Beske and Seuring 2014). Collaboration as well as partnership help in group learning. Similar to learning, building strategic assets is another dynamic capability. This includes effective as well as efficient internal coordination as well as integration of strategic assets. This also determines a firms performance. This helps in gathering as well as in processing of information as well as linking the customer experiences of engineering choices. They also coordinate factories and component suppliers. it also influence transformation of existing assets. This approach helps to keep in pace with the changing environment and the mw time fast changing markets require the ability to reconfigure the firms assets structure and accomplish different internal and external transformation (Scalteger and Burrit 2014).. This approach also puts importance to co specialization. Here with time firm assets may become co-specialized were they become uniquely valuable in comb ination like where physical assets, human resources and intellectual property altogether provide a synergistic combination of complementary assets. Therefore this is different from other approaches as it helps in finding a predetermined idea and governance of the asset system of the organization so that it bring the best benefit been in time of crisis. Disadvantages of Dynamic capability approach: However there have been many criticisms that have been found to be associated with the dynamic capability approach. Dynamic capability can take a variety of forms and can also involve a large number of different functions. They often include marketing, product development, development of process. however the main disadvantage is that they are higher level capabilities which provide opportunities for knowledge gathering and sharing, continuous updating of operational process , interaction with environment and decision making evaluations. These higher level capabilities may not be possessed by new managers or new start ups or has those who have less experiences (Engert et al. 2015). This means that the approach is not easier to be adopted by new firms or novice managers making them take a long time to be prepared to follow this approach. Moreover this is beneficial for dynamic companies like those of biotechnology or semiconductor industry but is not enough beneficial for traditional c ompanies. Moreover there are also not clear linkages in the approach about how dynamic capabilities include the utilization of resources and the implementation of new processes. Moreover there is also requirement for proper linking between dynamic capabilities and more micro issues, such as managerial cognition and search processes. Lastly there remains conceptual problems such as distinguishing between operational and higher order capabilities and also between capabilities which rely on incremental learning processes and those that presuppose dramatic new knowledge trajectories. Sustainable approach in strategic management has been given attention by Business all over the world scenes people realise the importance of environment in business systems point business sustainability can be defined as the management of mainly the triple bottom line which mainly comprises of the process by which different organisations take part in the management of their environmental social as well as his financial risk. This also help in managing obligations as well as meeting all the opportunities (Sancjez 2015). There are three main impacts of this approach which are referred as the people profit and the planet. Recent researches are of the opinion that changes in climate are adding a new layer of complexity in the development of sustainability. Different types of environmental factors such as warming temperatures changing precipitation patterns, rising sea levels are all having impacts on natural and human systems. This is directly threatening the success of business as well as the productivity produced by people working in such organisations. Benefits of Sustainability approach: Sustainability approach of strategic management is one of the successful medium of any business strategic plan which impacts positively by how effective the organisation is able to address the sustainability as well as the climatic risks. This approach is found to have a direct connection to the bottom line performance which mainly comprises of cost reduction as well as margin and also the brand value that determines the sales of the organisation. This approach has a comprehensive procedure for sustainable development and maximization of revenue and for this Business professionals are now taking an immediate interest in sustainability management by starting from carbon management or Greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers believe that this approach is mainly done by carbon management as the kickoff step to get into the temple of sustainability (Formentini and Tatichhi 2016). This Temple usually has three pillars with are environmental protection, social development and economic growth. This in turn supports the roof of sustainability which is the highest School of Business sustainable profitability. There are many benefits of this approach. The main are that the sustainable practices are resulting in cost savings as well as increase sales point projects. Well structured environmental project protection has resulted in the reduction of consumption of a particular type of resource which has resulted to the saving of operation cost. This is not only developed from advanced Technologies but also from the change of different behaviours of humans, employees, customers as well as suppliers. Secondly this is also resulted in increase sales. Sustainability approach in strategic management can bring out higher levels of products as well as help in getting service quality giving customers richer experiences. This in turn helps in higher levels of customer loyalty that overall leads to sustainable branding and brings out tangible increases in business sales and profits.. The main disadvantages which this type of approach has in comparison to the other approaches are that it results in huge flow of resources and finances while implementing the sustainability strategies. The projects developed to maintain the stability of the environment often requires huge amount of money which might not be redeemable by the company and therefore the small and medium organisations try to save the cost by not taking this approach. Many companies have to pay for environmental programs (Gianniakis and Papadopolulos 2016). More employees training are required and also programs of waste management are to be introduced point. All this requires huge amount of money at the beginning which might not be in stock for many organisations who starting their business. Conclusion: From a large period of time it was the linear structure of strategic management which was implemented by a large number of organizations. Over the years it has been found that there are many disadvantages of this approach. The first one is that it is quite inflexible and requires a long time for development. Moreover it is not suitable to match up to the expectations of the organization when there is a certain environmental change. Therefore many other approaches have been proposed by different researchers overtime, the first one is the stakeholder approach which mainly concerned of involving all the stakeholders into business so that each and everyone's concern can be incorporated while developing different interventions for the organization .This approach is quite flexible and helps to face many obstacles when there is any environmental shift. One of the main disadvantage of this is that it sometimes may result in delay in implementing strategies because the interest of all the sta keholders might not meet at a particular point which results in dissatisfaction among different people point. The next form of strategic management is the dynamic capability approach which mainly gathers information and helps them to process them with internal coordination and integration of strategic assets. Billing customer experiences with each of their aspects and coordinates with the fast changing market to reconfigure the forms and accomplish different internal and external transformations. However this approach is not possible to be taken by all companies because of its dynamic characteristics which requires large amount of training as well as finances to set up the strategies in the working environment. Researchers are also of the opinion that they do not form clear linkages in the approach about how dynamic capabilities include the utilization of resources and implementation of new processes. And other important approach that has been stated is the sustainable approach wher e the organization should develop strategic plans for environmental sustainability for cost savings as well as increase sales. Also results in increasing reputation of the organization and helps in sustainable branding and brings out tangible increases in business sales and profits. In this case also, it has been found that many small and medium size countries have to spend huge amount of money for the environmental programs and this might not always be possible for those organizations who have low financial strength. This approach requires huge expenditure of money at the beginning which might not be possible for all the companies. Therefore researchers have to come up with more approaches or develop a new model which would help to overcome all the disadvantages of these models for betterment of business. References: Barney, J.B., 2014.Gaining and sustaining competitive advantage. Pearson Higher Ed. 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